Literacy

At every grade level, there is diversity among students' abilities in reading, writing, speaking and listening. Students come to school with their own spoken and written language experiences and skill set. It is our responsibility as educators to take what each child brings to the classroom and build upon it. To accomplish this, we need to teach and model for our students what we expect them to learn and be able to accomplish.

The Phillips Brooks School offers a developmentally appropriate and balanced approach to language development and literacy. Listening, speaking, reading and writing skills are taught across the curriculum. The ability to read and comprehend text is expanded through dialogue with peers and teachers. Students reveal their understanding about texts through their discussions with others. They learn how language works by listening to, talking about and working with words.

Reading

We believe that students need daily opportunities to independently read books of their choice, to read more challenging instructional materials with teachers' guidance, and to hear teacher-selected texts read aloud.

In the classroom, reading is taught in a workshop setting with an emphasis on comprehension, fluency and developing critical thinking skills. To that end, students participate in interactive read-alouds and literature discussions, shared and performance reading, independent and guided reading activities, phonics, spelling, vocabulary and word study. Formal and informal reading assessments are conducted throughout the school year. We want all children to read and hear a wide variety of works including fiction, non-fiction, historical fiction, classic and contemporary literature, folk tales and poetry.

Students are taught to 'think about their own thinking' as they read through the skills of predicting, making inferences, identifying the main idea, connecting to the text, and recognizing character, plot and setting. Students read for information for science, technology, global studies and other disciplines.

Reading is a developmental process and a child's reading ability or reading level is not necessarily determined by grade level. Students move through the developmental stages of reading as they gain fluency and become more proficient readers. For a description of these various stages, please reference our Developmental Reading Continuum.

Writing

Literacy

Writing is also taught in a workshop setting and is a skill that is integrated throughout many subject areas. Writer's Workshop is a child-centered method of teaching writing to our students. The Lucy Calkins Writer's Workshop influences our writing program. Students are taught processes used by real authors, and then are given the support necessary to apply those processes. Students participate in developmentally appropriate 'mini-lessons' where they learn key concepts of the writing process including finding ideas, drafting, editing, revision, publishing, and peer review. Specific instruction is given in grammar, spelling and vocabulary development. This writing process is very individualized. During group instruction time for writing, teachers will often decide what lessons would benefit the entire class and prepare mini-lessons for those needed skills. Students learn to incorporate and practice grammar, spelling and punctuation into various writing genres studied including memoir, poetry, and expository writing.

Allowing our students time to write is essential for their development. Independent writing time is set aside each day. Teachers meet one-on-one with students on a regular basis to discuss their work. This allows for differentiated instruction and opportunities for teachers to address specific skills and concepts.

Writers share their written work with their teacher and with other students from the 'Author's Chair.' The class listens to the students read their work, asks questions, and may offer suggestions to help students improve upon their writing.

Handwriting

At PBS, we understand that strengthening fine motor skills for handwriting is achieved by experimenting with various writing materials. Students observe modeling of letter formation during teacher-led activities and learn and use proper grasp of various writing tools. Students understand the process of forming letters as introduced by the Handwriting Without Tears writing program taught in grades K-3. The cursive method is introduced in second grade and reinforced in third grade.

Handwriting is emphasized in grades K-3 and shifts to word processing as students grow and develop keyboarding skills.

Word Study (Spelling, Vocabulary, Phonics)

Literacy

'Word study' is an alternative to traditional spelling instruction. It offers students an approach to learning that addresses word recognition, vocabulary and phonics, as well as spelling. At PBS, we use the Words Their Way, word study program in grades K-5. This program is based upon the premise that there are distinct stages in a student's spelling development. Where a student is in his or her spelling development serves as a guide for instruction. At the start of the school year, teachers use a spelling inventory to determine where each student falls along the spelling developmental continuum for instruction. Once groups are created, differentiated instruction is developed and practiced based on the stage of development each student group has achieved. Students investigate and learn the 'patterns in words.' By learning these patterns, there is no need to learn to spell one word at a time. 'Spelling rules' are not taught for students to memorize. Instead students learn to make sense of word patterns on their own.

Vocabulary development is emphasized through our reading and writing workshops. Children are taught to make 'sense' of words in context. There are two types of vocabulary, oral and print. Oral vocabulary refers to words that are used in speaking and/or listening. Print vocabulary refers to words students recognize and use in print. Vocabulary is also an important part of reading comprehension. As children learn to read more advanced text, they learn the meaning of words that are not part of their oral vocabulary.

At PBS, we teach children the meanings for unknown words in a text through direct instruction. We also teach students how to apply various strategies to learn word meanings and how to make connections between new words and concepts. Children are engaged in daily interactions that promote new oral and written vocabulary, such as 'Morning Meeting' or 'Challenge Words.'